I'm moving into a rental house, and need to partition off a portion of the living room to create an office. My idea is to put in an L shaped wall in the corner of the room. Is it possible to put in a temporary wall, that I can take down without any damage when I move out? Ideally, I'd like the small office to be as noise proof as possible, since I have small children and I plan to work from home. I see companies in NY that offer this solution for apartment dwellers that want to share space, but have not found any companies offering these services in my area (San Francisco). Any help would be appreciated.

I can tell you that there is no way to do this "without any damage". Since even a temporary bulkhead will scuff/mark the texture/paint on the ceiling when it is put in place.
Other tan that this is easy to do with thin gauage metal studs you may have seen in your hardware store. They are the same variaty used in offices with plenum ceilings which offer no structural attachments for temporary frame walls. These walls are easy enough to insulate from sound by using a sound proofing insulation like Auralex acoustics construction products. You might need to check local building codes for clauses about temporary walls, as this may not pass an inspection.

http://www.auralex.com